Dz\u012bv\u012bbas past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anu nodro\u0161ina ikviena organisma unikalit\u0101te, bet r\u016bpniecisk\u0101 ra\u017eo\u0161ana pieprasa pre\u010du vien\u0101d\u012bbu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Dz\u012bvas b\u016btnes vairojas br\u012bvi, savuk\u0101rt r\u016bpniec\u012bbas pamatmisija sl\u0113pjas pel\u0146as g\u016b\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
R\u016bpnieciskais kapit\u0101lisms dz\u012bv\u012bbu uzskata par divk\u0101r\u0161u \u0137ecer\u012bbu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
P\u0113d\u0113jo divu gadsimtu laik\u0101 – \u0161\u012bs divk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s \u0137ecer\u012bbas izn\u012bd\u0113\u0161ana ir tikusi uztic\u0113ta r\u016bpniecisk\u0101 kapit\u0101lisma augu pavairot\u0101jiem un agronomijas zin\u0101tn\u0113m. M\u0113r\u0137is ir teju sasniegts. Atliek vien uzl\u016bkot p\u0101rm\u0113ru pla\u0161os, p\u0101rm\u0113ru za\u013cos industri\u0101l\u0101s zemkop\u012bbas laukus, kurus izvagoju\u0161as traktoru riepu atst\u0101t\u0101s r\u0113tas un kuros neviens augs nestiepjas p\u0101ri kaimi\u0146iem, lai secin\u0101tu – triumf\u0113jusi vien\u0101d\u012bba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Cikt\u0101l apkarojama otra \u0137ecer\u012bba, dz\u012bv\u012bbas patent\u0113\u0161ana vainagojusi divus gadsimtus ilgus centienus izn\u012bd\u0113t lauksaimniec\u012bbas pamatpraksi – pa\u0161audz\u0113tu s\u0113klu s\u0113ju. Produkcija tiek no\u0161\u0137irta no reproduktcijas, bet reprodukcija k\u013c\u016bst par privil\u0113\u0123iju, kas paredz\u0113ta vien da\u017eiem izredz\u0113tajiem. M\u016bsdien\u0101s \u0161\u012b privil\u0113\u0123ija pieder ”dz\u012bv\u012bbas zin\u0101t\u0146u” kartelim – pestic\u012bdu, herbic\u012bdu, insektic\u012bdu, larvic\u012bdu, ovoc\u012bdu, gametoc\u012bdu, bakteric\u012bdu, moluskic\u012bdu, rodentic\u012bdu, akaric\u012bdu un fungic\u012bdu ra\u017eot\u0101jiem jeb ”C\u012bdu kartelim”!<\/p>\r\n\r\n
R\u016bpniecisk\u0101 selekcija nav nekas sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts, lai gan to izpratni ”aizpl\u012bvuro” \u0123en\u0113tikas zin\u0101tnes. \u0160\u0137irne (vien\u0101d\u012bbas pretstats) tiek aizst\u0101ta ar izv\u0113l\u0113t\u0101 \u0161\u0137irnes auga kopij\u0101m jeb kloniem. R\u016bpniecisk\u0101 selekcija ir daudzveid\u012bbas kapu zvans. Ta\u010du paliek v\u0113l otra \u0137ecer\u012bba – nepiecie\u0161ams nov\u0113rst br\u012bvu vairo\u0161anos. T\u0101dus br\u012bnumus sp\u0113j pied\u0101v\u0101t jaun\u0101 \u0123en\u0113tikas zin\u0101tne, radot ”hibr\u012bdgraudu”. ”Hibr\u012bdgrauds” ir agronomijas zin\u0101t\u0146u sv\u0113t\u0101 govs un 20. gadsimta augu pavairo\u0161anas ”paradigma”.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Pavairo\u0161ana klon\u0113jot ir metode, kas autog\u0101mu sugu selekcij\u0101 tikusi emp\u012briski pielietota jau kop\u0161 19. gadsimta s\u0101kuma, vienlaikus papla\u0161inoties ar\u012b industri\u0101l\u0101s revol\u016bcijas v\u0113rienam. 1836. gad\u0101 t\u0101 tika klasific\u0113ta k\u0101 ”izol\u0101cijas metode”. Autog\u0101ms klons att\u012bsta savu prec\u012bzu kopiju, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c iev\u0101kt\u0101 lab\u012bba k\u013c\u016bst ar\u012b par n\u0101kam\u0101 gada s\u0113klas resursu. Pagaid\u0101m saglab\u0101j\u0101s ”zemnieka privil\u0113\u0123ija”, proti, iesp\u0113ja s\u0113t pa\u0161iev\u0101ktus graudus.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
1920-o gadu beig\u0101s fran\u010du tehnokr\u0101tiskie agronomi ieviesa jaunu sist\u0113mu – pras\u012bbu, lai visas tirg\u016b ieviest\u0101s \u0161\u0137irnes b\u016btu ”homog\u0113nas” un ”stabilas”. ”Homog\u0113na” \u0161\u0137irne paredz visu \u0161\u0137irnes augu fenotipisku (vizu\u0101lu) identiskumu. ”Stabilit\u0101te” noz\u012bm\u0113 – ik gadus tirg\u016b pied\u0101v\u0101jami identiski augi. Du\u0101l\u0101s pras\u012bbas noz\u012bm\u0113 nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu rad\u012bt \u0123en\u0113tiski identiskus vai gandr\u012bz identiskus augus. Vien\u0101d\u012bbas un stabilit\u0101tes pras\u012bbu iev\u0113ro\u0161anu p\u0101rrauga varas iest\u0101des. Ja jaun\u0101 \u0161\u0137irne atbilst iepriek\u0161min\u0113tajiem krit\u0113rijiem, t\u0101 tiek re\u0123istr\u0113ta Katalog\u0101, un pavairot\u0101jam tiek izsniegts sertifik\u0101ts, kas pie\u0161\u0137ir ekskluz\u012bvas ties\u012bbas pied\u0101v\u0101t sertific\u0113to \u0161\u0137irni tirg\u016b. 1960-ajos gados \u0161o meh\u0101nismu p\u0101r\u0146\u0113ma ar\u012b Jaunu augu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u aizsardz\u012bbas starptautisk\u0101 apvien\u012bba (UPOV), un pras\u012bbas tiku\u0161as ratific\u0113tas jau aptuveni 60 valst\u012bs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Sertifik\u0101ts bija paredz\u0113ts, lai s\u0113klu ra\u017eot\u0101ju aizsarg\u0101tu pret konkurentiem, kas var\u0113tu ”piratiz\u0113t” ra\u017eot\u0101ja klonus, ta\u010du tolaik s\u0113klu industrija joproj\u0101m neuzdr\u012bkst\u0113j\u0101s apkarot ”zemnieku privil\u0113\u0123iju”, jo lauksaimniec\u012bb\u0101 l\u012bdzdarboj\u0101s p\u0101r\u0101k liels zemnieku skaits. Sertifik\u0101ts bija izdev\u012bgs tradicion\u0101lajiem augu pavairo\u0161anas uz\u0146\u0113mumiem, kurus vad\u012bja aizraut\u012bgi agronomi. Ta\u010du p\u0113d\u0113jo 30 gadu laik\u0101 pasaules s\u0113klu tirgu p\u0101r\u0146\u0113mis ”C\u012bdu kartelis”. Karte\u013ca skat\u012bjum\u0101 – ”pir\u0101ts” ir zemnieks, kur\u0161 s\u0113j pa\u0161iev\u0101ktas s\u0113klas. Eiropas direkt\u012bva 98\/44 autoriz\u0113jusi dz\u012bv\u012bbas patent\u0113\u0161anu, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nepie\u013caujot zemnieku ”pir\u0101tismu”.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u012asum\u0101, r\u016bpniecisk\u0101s augu pavairo\u0161anas v\u0113sture ir posto\u0161as selekcijas-klon\u0113\u0161anas v\u0113sture, nerimt\u012bgi ekspluat\u0113jot daudzveid\u012bbu, kas radusies zemnieku un dabas sadarb\u012bb\u0101 – jau kop\u0161 augu kultiv\u0113\u0161anas un dz\u012bvnieku piejauc\u0113\u0161anas pirms\u0101kumiem. Zemnieki negaid\u012bja, lai \u0123en\u0113tika ”uzlabotu” augus. Par to liecina kultiv\u0113to augu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u un selekcion\u0113to dz\u012bvnieku \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u pla\u0161\u0101 bag\u0101t\u012bba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
1980-ajos gados man bija tas gods v\u0113rot izcilo kvie\u0161u selekcion\u0101ru Klodu Benu\u012b – str\u0101d\u0101jam kvie\u0161u lauk\u0101. Man visi augi \u0161\u0137ita vien\u0101di. Ta\u010du dienas beig\u0101s es jau sp\u0113ju tos aptuveni at\u0161\u0137irt. Ar\u012b pats Klods Benu\u012b nesp\u0113ja izskaidrot, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c izraug\u0101s to vai citu augu – no eksempl\u0101riem, kas man \u0161\u0137ita identiski.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Selekcija ir atkar\u012bga no ”neklasific\u0113jam\u0101m” zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, kas nav piln\u012bb\u0101 izskaidrojamas. Augu selekcion\u0101rus r\u016bp\u012bgaj\u0101 darb\u0101 vada pieredze, k\u0101 ar\u012b gadiem ilga auga izzi\u0146a, emp\u0101tija vai pat m\u012blest\u012bba [1], ak\u016bta nov\u0113rojumu prasme un agronomisk\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas. Augu pavairot\u0101jiem nav j\u0101b\u016bt \u0123en\u0113tikas ekspertiem [2]. \u0122en\u0113tikas ezot\u0113risk\u0101 daba iebied\u0113 un aptur tos, kuri labpr\u0101t iesaist\u012btos selekcijas darb\u0101. M\u0113r\u0137is – pan\u0101kt, lai vi\u0146i padotos un centienus neturpin\u0101tu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Nav v\u0113rts birdin\u0101t ”krokodila asaras”, apraudot kultiv\u0113t\u0101s biodaudzveid\u012bbas zudumu, ja vienlaikus ignor\u0113jam industri\u0101l\u0101 kapit\u0101lisma dinamiku, kas zudumus veicina. Juridisk\u0101 un regul\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 sist\u0113ma, kas veido s\u0113klu ra\u017eo\u0161anas un tirdzniec\u012bbas pamatstrukt\u016bru, pieprasa vienas vien\u012bgas selekcijas metodes pielieto\u0161anu – un t\u0101 ir klon\u0113\u0161anas metode, kas ieviesta vien pirms p\u0101ris gadsimtiem.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
T\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir nepiecie\u0161ams c\u012bn\u012bties pret cilv\u0113ces negodu – dz\u012bv\u012bbas patent\u0113\u0161anu. Nepiecie\u0161ams atmest juridiskas iestr\u0101dnes, kas pieprasa \u012bstenot vien\u012bgi daudzveid\u012bbu izn\u012bcino\u0161as selekcijas metodes. Nepiecie\u0161ams g\u0101d\u0101t, lai ”C\u012bdu kartelis” vairs neturpin\u0101tu dz\u012bv\u012bbas ind\u0113\u0161anu. Ta\u010du – taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 – nepiecie\u0161ama kolekt\u012bva organiz\u0113t\u012bba visas pasaules m\u0113rog\u0101, lai kultiv\u0113tu daudzveid\u012bbu, dal\u012btos s\u0113kl\u0101s, izplat\u012btu praktisk\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas, k\u0101 zemnieki r\u012bkoju\u0161ies jau paaudz\u0113m ilgi. Mums tas j\u0101dara – izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas, preto\u0161an\u0101s un br\u012bv\u012bbas v\u0101rd\u0101. ”Kokopelli” ir m\u016bsu celmlau\u017ei. ”Longo ma\u00ef” film\u0101 paskaidrots, k\u0101, soli pa solim, iesp\u0113jams atkal k\u013c\u016bt par savu s\u0113klu un savas n\u0101kotnes saimniekiem.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\u017dans-Pj\u0113rs Berl\u0101ns, k\u0101dreiz\u0113jais Francijas Nacion\u0101l\u0101 agronomijas p\u0113tniec\u012bbas instit\u016bta (INRA) izp\u0113tes noda\u013cas vad\u012bt\u0101js<\/p>\r\n\r\n
[1] Ilggad\u0113js INRA augu selekcion\u0101rs savulaik, nedaudz nokaun\u0113jies, man atkl\u0101ja: ”Vai zini, kad palieku vienatn\u0113 ar saviem augiem, es ar tiem sarun\u0101jos.”<\/p>\r\n\r\n
[2] Tie\u0161i t\u0101d\u0113\u013c ”C\u012bdu kartelis” izpircis s\u0113klu ra\u017eo\u0161anas uz\u0146\u0113mumus. Karte\u013ca molekul\u0101rbiologi, kas manipul\u0113 ar g\u0113niem, nav sp\u0113j\u012bgi \u012bstenot pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgu augu selekciju.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
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Augu selekcija industri\u0101laj\u0101 laikmet\u0101 Dz\u012bv\u012bbas past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anu nodro\u0161ina ikviena organisma unikalit\u0101te, bet r\u016bpniecisk\u0101 ra\u017eo\u0161ana pieprasa pre\u010du vien\u0101d\u012bbu. Dz\u012bvas b\u016btnes vairojas br\u012bvi, savuk\u0101rt r\u016bpniec\u012bbas pamatmisija sl\u0113pjas pel\u0146as g\u016b\u0161an\u0101. R\u016bpnieciskais kapit\u0101lisms dz\u012bv\u012bbu uzskata par divk\u0101r\u0161u \u0137ecer\u012bbu. R\u016bpnieciskais kapit\u0101lisms regul\u0113 selekciju – patentu sist\u0113m\u0101s P\u0113d\u0113jo divu gadsimtu laik\u0101 – \u0161\u012bs divk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s \u0137ecer\u012bbas izn\u012bd\u0113\u0161ana ir tikusi uztic\u0113ta r\u016bpniecisk\u0101 kapit\u0101lisma augu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":104,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"spay_email":""},"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/PaG7IL-wA","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2020"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2020"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2020\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2240,"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2020\/revisions\/2240"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.diyseeds.org\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2020"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}